KERALA RISING · FROM EXPORTING PEOPLE TO EXPORTING IDEAS planting drives keep failing quietly. The cost of doing nothing is invisible precisely because it is the baseline, but it is the largest cost of all; the continued gap between what is spent and what is achieved, year after year. Alternative two: spend more on the existing approach The second alternative is to do more of what is already done, more collection capacity, more enforcement cameras, more planting, more screening camps. This is the instinctive response, and it is not wrong so much as incomplete. More collection without a citizen-level segregation loop still leaves mixed waste; more enforcement without recognition still changes behaviour only at the camera; more planting without a survival check still dies in the dry season. Additional spend on the supply side cannot manufacture the demand-side behaviour change that the feedback loop produces. The framework is not an argument against this spend; it is the small increment that finally converts it into an outcome. Alternative three: procure an app from a vendor The third alternative is to procure a civic app, or several, from technology vendors on fixed-term contracts. This is the most common path and the one the framework most directly argues against. A procured app is owned by the vendor, ends with the 303